outline

 I. Unifying Italy  A. Obstacles to Italian Unity  1. Mazzini Establishes young Italy  a. 1830’s, Giuseppe Mazzini founded Italy.  b. The goal of his secret society was to constitute Italy to make it one, free independent nation.  c. 1849, Mazzini helped set up a revolutionary republic in Rome  d. Mazzini spent most of life in exile.  2. Nationalism takes root  a. Nationalists reminded Italians of the glories of Rome.  b. Unity made practical economic sense.  c. End trade barriers with Italian states.  d. United Italy made sense because of geography, language, and history.  B. The struggle for Italy  3. Cavour becomes prime minister  a. 1852, Victor Emmanuel made court Camillo Cavour his prime minister.  b. Cavour came from a noble family. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 45pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"> c. He was flexible, practical and crafty politician. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 45pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"> d. Improved agriculture rebuilt railroads, and encouraged commerce by supporting free trade. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 45pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"> 4. Intrigue with France <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 45pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"> a. 1855, Sardinia led by Cavour joined Britain and France against Russia in the Crimean war. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 45pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"> b. 1858, Cavour negotiated a secret deal with napoleon, who promised to aid Sardinia in case they went to war with Austria. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 45pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"> c. Nationalist groups overthrew Austrian-backed rulers in other northern Italian states. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 45pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"> d. These states joined Sardinia. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 45pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"> 5. Garibaldi’s “red shirts” <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 45pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"> a. Garibaldi wanted to create an Italian republic <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 45pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"> b. By 1860, garibaldi recruited a force of 1,000 red-shirted volunteers. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 45pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"> c. Cavour provided weapons and allowed two ships to take garibaldi and his red-shirts to south Sicily. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 45pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"> d. With surprising speeds Garibaldi’s forces won control of Sicily. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 45pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"> 6. Unity at last <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 45pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"> a. In a patriotic move, Garibaldi turned over maples and Sicily to Victor Emmanuel. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 45pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"> b. 1861, Victor Emmanuel was crowned king of Italy. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 45pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"> c. Two areas remained outside the new Italian nation, Rome and Venetia. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 45pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"> d. For the first since the fall of the Roman empire, Italy was a united land. C. Challenges facing the new nation <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 45pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"> 7. Divisions <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 45pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"> a. Greatest regional differences were between the north and south. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 45pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"> b. North was richer and had more cities than the south <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 45pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"> c. The south on the other hand was rural and poor. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 45pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"> 8. Turmoil <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 45pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"> a. Under Victor Emmanuel, Italy was a constitutional monarchy with a two-house legislature. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 45pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"> b. In the 1800’s unrest increased as radicals on the left struggled against a conservative government. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 45pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"> c. Socialists organized strikes while anarchists people who want to abolish all government <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 45pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"> d. To distract attention from troubles at home the government set out to win an overseas empire in Ethiopia. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 45pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"> 9. Economic Progress <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 45pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"> a. in the 1900’s Italy developed economically despite all of the problems. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 45pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"> b. Industrialization brought urbanization as peasants flocked to the cities to find jobs in factories. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 45pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"> c. By 1914, the country was better off than it was in 1861. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 45pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"> d. But, it wasn’t prepared for the war that happened that year.